The GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a self-contained, integrated and fully automated, cartridge-based diagnostic test to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and resistance to Rifampicin (RIF), within 2 hours. This nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) based test, with the heminested PCR ensures unprecedented sensitivity in detecting MTB even in smear-negative and culture-positive specimens. This technology was co-developed by the laboratory of Prof. David Alland at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), Cepheid Inc. and Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), with additional financial support from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed GeneXpert MTB/RIF, for use in TB endemic countries in December 2010 and it was approved by US-FDA in 2013. Thus, having the advantages of quicker-turn-around-time, not requiring technical expertise to run and with excellent results from performance evaluation studies from all over the world, GeneXpert test went on to become the darling of physicians treating TB patients.
The recent article on GeneXpert published in Times of India (TOI), based on
the scientific paper published in Journal of Clinical Microbiology (JCM)
by Rufai et al., raised concerns over the accuracy of the GeneXpert
MTB/RIF in detecting RIF resistance. This article went on to send shock waves
among the healthcare providers and laboratorians, who were in awe of this
WHO-endorsed and FDA approved methodology for TB and RIF resistance detection.
According to Prof. Sarman Singh, head of the clinical microbiology and
molecular medicine division at AIIMS, in Indian scenario, GeneXpert could miss
as many as one-third of Rifampicin-resistance cases. He claims that the
GeneXpert probes do not recognize a peculiar gene sequence found in the Indian
TB strains, thereby posing the threat of giving out false-negative results for Rifampicin-resistance.
The double-blinded study conducted at AIIMS, performing comparative
analysis with Line Probe Assay (LPA) revaled only 64.4%
Rifampicin-monoresistant cases being correctly diagnosed, while missing out the
remaining 35.6%. Quoting the findings of this study, Prof. Singh urges the
national TB control program managers to evaluate the performance of GeneXpert
MTB/RIF before rolling out in the Drug-resistant TB Control Program.
However, certain points need to be taken into consideration before going by this study results being sensationalized by media. There have been hundreds of scientific articles evaluating the performance of GeneXpert and to name a few, the WHO expert group meeting report and the Cochrane review highlight the robust data available on the performance of GeneXpert. It is to be noted that, the Cochrane review with the data showing over 95% sensitivity of rifampicin testing, includes a couple of studies which include results from Indian sites (CMC, Vellore and Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai), which had documented excellent sensitivities. Also, a large study conducted by the RNTCP, in collaboration with WHO India and FIND India demonstrated high predictive value for rifampicin resistance by GeneXpert, compared to LPA and liquid culture based DST.
To summarize, though the results of this single study do not reflect the
global evidence or policies, since the study results are from a credible research
institution, it becomes utmost important to verify the claims made in the
paper. It is definitely worth investigating further, to know if the Indian
resistant strains possess unusual mutations or mixed infections or
heteroresistance that bring down the sensitivity of GeneXpert, as claimed.
Interestingly, several research groups have already started looking into this
perspective and results are awaited.
Click here
to read the response by the manufacturers of GeneXpert – Cepheid regarding the
above mentioned study, quoting several concerns about the study that need to be
resolved.
- Dr. Vignesh Ram
References:
- Jha DN, Much-hyped New Tuberculosis Test Gives Inaccurate Results, April 2014, Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Much-hyped-new-tuberculosis-test-gives-inaccurate-results/articleshow/34217472.cms
- Rufai SB, Kumar P, Singh A, et al., Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with Line Probe Assay for detection of Rifampicin monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014 Mar 19;
- Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, et al., Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD009593.
- Using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay to detect pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and children. Expert Group Meeting Report.2013. WHO, Geneva. http://www.who.int/tb/laboratory/expert_group_report.pdf?ua=1
- Cepheid responds to AIIMS study report. http://www.ipaqt.org/?page_id=8975
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